Xoloitzcuintli (Mexican Hairless Dog) – Breed Profile

Pronounced: show-low-eats-QUEENT-lee

Overview

The Xoloitzcuintli (show-low-eats-QUEENT-lee), more commonly known as the Mexican Hairless Dog, is one of the oldest and most culturally significant dog breeds in the world. Affectionately referred to as the Xolo (show-low), this unique and striking breed is a living relic of ancient Mesoamerican civilisations, with a history dating back over 3,500 years.

The Xoloitzcuintli (Xoloitzcuintle in Spanish) stands apart from other breeds because it wasn’t developed through selective breeding for a specific function like herding or hunting. Instead, it evolved naturally through environmental pressures, resulting in a breed prized for its resilience, warmth, intelligence, and deeply loyal temperament.

Today, the Xoloitzcuintli is considered the national dog of Mexico and is recognised around the world not only for its appearance and rarity but also for its rich historical roots.

History

The origins of the Xoloitzcuintli can be traced back thousands of years, with archaeological evidence placing the breed in ancient Mesoamerican cultures such as the Aztec, Toltec, Maya, and Colima civilisations. The name comes from two Nahuatl words:

• Xolotl: the Aztec god of lightning, fire, and the underworld
• Itzcuintli: meaning “dog”

According to Aztec mythology, the god Xolotl created the dog from a sliver of the Bone of Life to guide the souls of the dead safely through the underworld, Mictlán. As such, Xolos were considered sacred spiritual companions. They were often buried alongside their human guardians to help them navigate the afterlife.

Beyond their spiritual roles, Xoloitzcuintlis were also believed to have healing properties. Their warm, hairless bodies were thought to relieve arthritis, asthma, and other ailments. In fact, many people today still describe them as living hot water bottles due to their naturally high body heat.

Despite their revered status, the arrival of Spanish colonists saw the Xolo nearly driven to extinction—used as a food source or eliminated for religious reasons. The breed was kept alive in remote villages and indigenous communities, eventually preserved through concerted efforts by breeders and researchers in the 20th century.

In 2011, the American Kennel Club (AKC) formally recognised the breed, and today, the Xoloitzcuintli is celebrated both in its homeland and abroad as a national treasure and living link to pre-Columbian history.

Pronunciation and Name

• Full name: Xoloitzcuintli (show-low-eats-QUEENT-lee)
• Common name: Xolo (show-low)
• Also referred to as: Mexican Hairless Dog
• Spanish variation: Xoloitzcuintle

Despite its intimidating spelling, the name becomes second nature once you’ve heard it a few times. The shortened “Xolo” is widely used by enthusiasts, breeders, and trainers around the world.

Physical Characteristics

The Xoloitzcuintli comes in three sizes, each suited to different types of homes and lifestyles:

Type	Height	Weight
Toy	23–36 cm	4.5–7 kg
Miniature	36–46 cm	7–14 kg
Standard	46–60 cm	14–25 kg

They also come in two varieties:

• Hairless – the iconic type, with tough, smooth skin and tufts of hair on the head, feet, and tail
• Coated – a short, sleek coat that still requires minimal grooming

Common Colours

• Solid black, slate, grey, bronze, red, or liver
• Some may have white markings

Their look is sleek, elegant, and slightly primitive—featuring large, upright ears, expressive almond-shaped eyes, and a lean, muscular build.

Temperament and Personality

Xoloitzcuintlis (Mexican Hairless Dogs) are intelligent, deeply loyal, and emotionally intuitive. Their personalities can range from clownish and playful with their family to calm and reserved with strangers.

Key Traits

• Quiet and composed indoors
• Very affectionate with their people
• Highly bonded – can form deep, lasting attachments
• Protective and watchful, making good natural watchdogs
• Sensitive and intuitive, often mirroring the energy in their environment

Early socialisation is vital, as they can be naturally aloof or wary of new people or situations. Once they feel safe and secure, however, they are incredibly gentle, affectionate, and deeply loving.

Training and Exercise Needs

Xolos are highly trainable and respond best to positive reinforcement techniques. They are eager to please but can be sensitive to tone and handling, so gentle guidance is essential.

• Training focus: socialisation, obedience, confidence-building
• Mental stimulation is as important as physical exercise
• Enrichment ideas: puzzle toys, scent games, trick training

Daily walks, games in the backyard, or agility work are great ways to burn energy. The Toy and Miniature varieties can do well with slightly less exercise but still benefit from regular activity and interaction.

At Jordan Dog Training, we specialise in helping primitive and ancient breeds like the Xolo learn in a positive, supportive environment. Our training programs are designed to help these sensitive souls flourish.

Living Conditions

Xolos adapt well to many environments—from apartments to large family homes. However, they are highly people-oriented and do best in homes where they are not left alone for long periods.

Sun and temperature protection are non-negotiable for the hairless variety. In Australia, our sun can be intense, so applying dog-safe sunscreen, providing shade, and using protective clothing during walks is vital. In colder months, Xolos may need jumpers or jackets to stay warm.

A safe, soft space indoors, gentle bedding, and regular moisturising of their skin are all part of daily life with a Xolo.

Health and Lifespan

Because the Xoloitzcuintli developed naturally through environmental selection, it is generally a hardy and long-lived breed.

• Lifespan: 13–18 years
• Common health concerns:
  • Skin care issues (acne, dryness, sunburn – mostly in hairless types)
  • Dental anomalies (especially in hairless Xolos – missing or misaligned teeth are common)
  • Autoimmune skin disorders (rare but worth monitoring)

Routine vet checks, good nutrition, and proper skin care go a long way in keeping a Xolo healthy and happy.

Grooming

• Hairless: Bathe weekly or fortnightly using a gentle dog shampoo. Moisturise skin as needed. Use a soft cloth or cotton pad to wipe between skin folds.
• Coated: Brush weekly and bathe as required.
• All types: Regular nail trimming, dental care, and ear checks are essential.

Ideal Home

The Xoloitzcuintli (Mexican Hairless Dog) is best suited to:

• Families or individuals who are home often
• Owners who understand sensitive, intuitive dogs
• Households prepared to manage temperature and sun exposure
• People looking for a loyal, quiet, low-allergen companion

They may not be ideal for homes with very young children or rough play unless well-managed and supervised.

Popularity in Australia

While still rare, the Xoloitzcuintli is slowly gaining popularity in Australia, particularly among those looking for hypoallergenic breeds, unique appearance, and deep loyalty. Their suitability for apartments, minimal grooming needs, and emotional sensitivity make them a great fit for the right person or family.

At Jordan Dog Training, we’ve worked with Xolos and other ancient breeds. Our training programs are adapted to help these dogs settle into modern life with compassion, structure, and enrichment.

Adoption and Purchasing Considerations

Due to the rarity of the breed in Australia, potential owners may need to go on a waiting list with a reputable breeder. Importing a puppy may be an option, but comes with additional cost and quarantine requirements.

Tips:

• Speak with several breeders to understand the temperament and needs of their lines
• Ask about the socialisation and health testing protocols they follow
• Avoid backyard breeders or anyone who cannot provide full transparency

Conclusion

The Xoloitzcuintli (Mexican Hairless Dog) is not just a pet—it’s a piece of living history. Their loyalty, calm presence, and rich cultural heritage make them a fascinating and fulfilling companion. For the right guardian, the Xolo offers not just love, but a deep, almost spiritual bond.

If you’re considering bringing one of these remarkable dogs into your life, Jordan Dog Training is here to support you with personalised, positive training and guidance every step of the way.

Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is intended as general guidance and is based on our experience as dog trainers and behaviourists. It is not veterinary advice and should not replace consultation with a qualified veterinarian. If you have any concerns about your dog’s health, wellbeing, or mobility, we always recommend speaking with your vet to ensure the best care for your dog.